Overview
The M60 is a belt-fed machine gun that fires the 7.62 mm NATO cartridge commonly used in larger rifles. It is generally used as crew-served weapon and operated by a team of two or three men. The team consists of the gunner, the assistant gunner (A-gunner in military slang), and the ammunition bearer. The gun’s weight and the amount of ammunition it consumes when fired make it difficult for a single soldier to carry and operate. The gunner carries the weapon and, depending on his strength and stamina, anywhere from 200 to 1000 rounds of ammunition. The assistant carries a spare barrel and extra ammunition, and reloads and spots targets for the gunner. The ammunition bearer carries additional ammunition and the tripod with associated traversing and elevation mechanism, if issued, and fetches more ammunition as needed during firing.
Firing an M60 machine gun from the standing position during the DEFENDER CHALLENGE ‘88 competition
The basic ammunition load carried by the crew is 600 to 900 rounds and theoretically allows approximately two minutes of continuous firing at the maximum rate of fire. All crews carry more than the basic load, sometimes three or more times the basic amount.[citation needed]
The M60 can be accurately fired at short ranges from the shoulder due to its design. This was an initial requirement for the design and a hold-over in concept from the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. It may also be fired from the integral bipod, M122 tripod, and some other mounts.
M60 ammunition comes in a cloth bandolier containing a cardboard box of 100 pre-linked rounds. The M60 changed from M1 link to the different M13 link, a change from the older link system with which it was not compatible. The cloth bandoleer is reinforced to allow it to be hung from the current version of the feed tray. Historically, units in Vietnam used B3A cans from C-rations packs locked into the ammunition box attachment system to roll the ammunition belts over for a straighter and smoother feed to the loading port to enhance reliability of feed. The later models changed the ammunition box attachment point and made this adaptation unnecessary.
History
The M60 machine gun began development in the late 1940s as a program for a new, lighter 7.62 mm machine gun. The design included features that had been successful on earlier designs (most notably the German MG 42 and FG 42), as well as improvements of its own. It was intended to replace the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle and M1919A6 Browning machine gun in the squad automatic weapon role. It was also to replace the M1919 family in the medium machine gun role. One of the weapons tested against it during its procurement process was the FN MAG.
The experimental T-44 machine gun developed from the German FG 42 and MG 42 machine guns.
The U.S. Army officially adopted the M60 in 1957. It later served in the Vietnam War as a squad automatic weapon with many U.S. units. Every soldier in the rifle squad would carry an additional 200 linked rounds of ammunition for the M60, a spare barrel, or both. The up-gunned M113 armored personnel carrier ACAV added two M60 gunners beside the main .50 gun, and the Patrol Boat, River had one in addition to two 50 cal mounts.
This section requires expansion with:
Fill in M60 history, including Vietnam War info.
M60 in Vietnam 1966.
In the 1980s, it was partially replaced by the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon within the Infantry squad. The M60 was retained in the vehicle mounted role and the general-purpose role due to its greater power and range compared to the 5.56 mm M249. In USMC service, concerns about the M60’s reliability, the system’s weight, and high round counts of many M60s in service prompted the adoption of the M60E3 to replace most original M60s in Infantry units.
A 19th Special Forces Group soldier mans an M60 machine gun on a HMMWV in Afghanistan, in March 2004. An AT4 anti-tank launcher can be seen in the foreground.
Starting with Ranger Battalions, the US Army began adopting and modifying M240 variants for replacing their remaining M60s in the early 1990s. By comparison, the M240 is several pounds heavier than the M60, and has a longer barrel and overall length, but is more reliable in use and testing.[citation needed] However, the M60 uses a much simpler gas system that is, when care is taken during reassembly, easier to clean. This advantage is obviated by the fact that, in practice, the gas tube is wired shut with lockwire to prevent the gun from disassembling itself due to vibration in hard use.
A sailor fires an M60E3 machine gun during a live-fire exercise at the Mobile Inshore Underwater Warfare Site (MIUW) at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
The M60 continues to be used by U.S. Navy SEALs and as a door gun on U.S. Army helicopters into the 21st century, and as the main 7.62 mm machine gun by some U.S. special operations forces into the late 1990s. As of 2005, it is used by the Coast Guard, Navy, and a number of reserve forces, though it is being phased out in favor of the M240 7.62 mm medium machine gun. The use as an Army helicopter door gun will soon be tapering off, as an improved M240 version has been adopted for this role.
Design
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The M60 is a gas-operated, air-cooled, belt-fed, automatic machine gun that fires from the open-bolt position and is chambered for the 7.62 mm NATO cartridge. Ammunition is usually fed into the weapon from a 100-round bandolier containing a disintegrating, metallic split-link belt.
An Airwoman of the UK’s Royal Air Force handles an M60 during a demonstration for Combined Joint Task Force Exercise (CJTFEX) in 2004
The design drew on many common concepts in firearms manufacture of the period, such as stamped sheet metal construction, belt feed (a modified mechanism for belt feed from the MG42 with a single pawl), quick barrel replacement, a pistol grip and stock, and a semi-bull pup design similar to the FG42 (much of the action occupies the weapon’s stock). The M60’s operating system of an operating rod turning a rotating bolt was inspired by the FG42, which was based on the much earlier Lewis Gun. The M60’s gas operation is unique, and drew on technical advances of the period, particularly the White “gas expansion and cutoff” principle also exploited by the M14 rifle. The M60’s gas system was simpler than other gas systems and easier to clean.
The straight-line layout allowed the operating rod and buffer to run directly back into the buttstock and reduce the overall length of the weapon.
As with all such weapons, it can be fired from the shoulder, hip, or underarm position. However, to achieve the maximum effective range, it is recommended that a bipod-steadied position or a tripod-mounted position be used and fired in bursts of 35 rounds. The weapon is heavy and difficult to aim when firing without support, though the weight helps reduce the felt recoil. The large grip also allowed the weapon to be conveniently carried at the hip. The gun can be stripped using a live round of ammunition as a tool. However, this is highly discouraged, as doing so can damage that round and increase the chance of a misfire.
The M60 is often used with its own integrated bipod or with the M122 tripod. The M60 is considered effective up to 1,100 meters when firing at an area target and mounted on a tripod; up to 800 meters when firing at an area target using the integral bipod; up to 600 meters when firing at a point target; and up to 200 meters when firing at a moving point target. United States Marine Corps doctrine holds that the M60 and other weapons in its class are capable of suppressive fire on area targets out to 1,500 meters if the gunner is sufficiently skilled.
Originally an experimental M91 tripod was developed for the M60, but an updated M2 tripod design was selected over it which became the M122. The M122 would be itself replaced in the 2000s by a new mount, in time for the M60 to also be used with it.
Ammunition
M60 machine gun fired during a small arms familiarization exercise aboard USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19); November 2004
810th Military Police Company, mans a 7.62 mm M60 machine gun atop an M998 High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) during Operation Desert Shield.
The M60 family of weapons are capable of firing standard NATO rounds of the appropriate caliber. Most common in U.S. use are M61 Armor piercing, M62 Tracer, and M80 Ball. For training purposes, M63 Dummy and M82 Blanks are used. The new tungsten cored M993 Armor-piercing rounds may also be fired in the M60 as well, though they did not enter the inventory until after the M60 was withdrawn from service in active-duty units.
When firing blanks, the M13 or M13A1 blank-firing adaptor (BFA) is necessary in order to produce enough gas pressure to cycle the weapon with blanks. All ammunition must be fixed in a NATO standard M13 disintegrating metallic split-link belt to feed into the weapon.
The standard combat ammunition mix for the M60 consists of four ball (M80) cartridges and one tracer (M62) in belts of 100 rounds. The four to one ratio theoretically allows the gunner to accurately “walk” the fire into the enemy. Tracer bullets do not fly quite the same trajectory as ball and weapon’s sights must be used for accurate firearticularly at ranges in excess of 800 meters, where 7.62×51mm NATO tracer bullets usually burn out and are no longer visible. This is a problem for all weapons in this caliber using this tracer round.
Design flaws
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An M60 machine gun aboard a Navy patrol craft. The USS Constellation (CV-64) is visible in the background.
When tested in the field, the M60 was fairly effective, but in the jungles of Southeast Asia in which it was soon used, the initial versions displayed several potential problems when used on the ground. A common complaint was the weapon’s weight, though M60 was among the lightest 7.62 mm machine guns of the era.
For units in Vietnam, the single most common complaint was that the M60 was comparatively unreliable and prone to jamming and other malfunctions, especially when it was dirty. Fine sand and dust in the mechanism could bring the M60 to a halt. This was a major factor in the Israeli Defense Force declining to adopt the M60. The weapon was more difficult to clean and maintain than the M1918A2 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) it replaced in the squad. In normal conditions it would often fire thousands of rounds without a serious jam while field conditions tended to reduce reliability without proper maintenance.
The safety was awkward to operate and worked the “wrong way” for soldiers who were trained with the M16 rifle and M1911A1 pistolhat is, it required an upward movement of the thumb on the safety catch to make the gun ready to fire, rather than a downward movement as with the other weapons. Additionally, it is possible to install some of the fire control mechanism incorrectly, causing a “runaway gun”eaning that it would keep firing until empty even if the operator took his finger off the trigger. The gas system of the original model could be assembled incorrectly causing failure to function and could unscrew and come apart if not safety wired in place.
A Gunner Mate 3rd Class in the process of preventative maintenance and cleaning on an M60 machine on the USS Constellation (CV-64); December 2002
The M60 sometimes (depending on the version) tore rims off of fired cartridge cases during the extraction cycle, resulting in failure to remove the empty case, causing a jam that could take time to clear. The barrel latch mechanism (a swinging lever) could catch on the gunner’s equipment and accidentally unlatch, causing the barrel to fall out of the gun. The lever was replaced with a pushbutton mechanism that was less likely to be accidentally released, but many of the swinging-lever latches are still on guns in inventory, forty years after this problem was discovered.
The grip/trigger housing assembly is held in place with a rather fragile leaf spring clip instead of the captive pins used in other designs. The spring clip has been known to be prone to breakage since the first trials at Aberdeen Proving Ground. Duct tape and cable ties have been seen on M60s in the field, placed there by their crews in case the spring clip breaks. The sear in the trigger mechanism gained a reputation for wearing down and a malfunction could cause the gun to “run away”. A second sear notch was eventually added to the operating rod to reduce the chance of this happening.
Several critical parts of early production M60s, such as the receiver cover and feed tray, were made from very thin sheet metal stampings and prone to bending or breaking; sturdier parts were eventually available in the early 1970s. Early M60s also had driving spring guides and operating rods that were too thin and gas pistons that were too narrow behind the piston head (part of an attempt to save weight), leading to problems with breakage. Metallurgical problems also played a part, (blamed by some on low-bid contractors), but after 1970 a slightly heavier part was designed and slowly put into the supply chain. High round count weapons were also susceptible to stretching of the receiver and other parts.
An M60 machine gun team changes barrels before engaging their last target during the DEFENDER CHALLENGE ‘88 competition.
Another criticism with some versions of the M60 is that the barrel was heavy. The bipod was a permanent fixture to the barrel as well as the gas chamber of the gas system; the latter was a result of using a piston design with a fixed regulator design. The advantage of the fixed regulator was no adjustment was required, though it risked the ability to compensate for fouling of the gas system, leading to insufficient power to operate the action, including lifting the ammunition belt. The non-adjustable front sight is fixed to the barrel and adjustments for “zeroing” the sights could only be made at the rear sight requiring readjustment when the barrel is changedot ideal for combat situations.
There was no handle to hold the barrel by for changes. A large asbestos glove was part of the standard issue to allow the crew to handle hot barrels during barrel change. Loss of the glove was always a problem.
U.S. Marines especially disliked the M60, and many Marine units held onto their BARs until 196768 officially, and longer unofficially. The M60E3 variant designed in the mid-1980s for the U.S. Marine Corps, reduced the design’s weight to 18.9 lb (8.61 kg) unloaded and slightly improved reliability. Users complained about the quickly-overheating barrel, a common problem with the original M60. This problem was aggravated in the M60E3, which uses a lighter barrel, which required changing every 100 rounds instead of every 200. The M60E3’s barrel used a wire and plastic handle near the breech end and could be changed safely without the use of heat-resistant mittens.
The U.S. Navy special operations forces continued to use and upgrade the M60E3 for years because of its portability and low weight for its caliber requiring many modifications, including a change in feed system and barrel configuration. Additional required changes were the addition of rails for optical sights and other modern accessories.
The reliability problem with the M60 machine gun was even more evident when the gun was compared to the successful and reliable PK machine gun used by Warsaw Pact forces and Soviet client states.
Variants
A member of the 101st Airborne Division, armed with an M60 machine gun, participates in a field exercise in 1972.
The nomenclature M60 describes either the first adopted version or, generically, the family of weapons derived from it.
Major variations include the M60E1 (an improved version that did not enter production), the M60E2 (a version designed to be used from fixed mounts as a co-axial for armored vehicles or in helicopter armament systems), the M60E3 (a lightweight version) and the M60E4 (another improved version, designated Mk 43 Mod 0 by the U.S. Navy).
The M60C was adopted for use on fixed mounts on aircraft. It was characterized by the use of an electric solenoid to operate the trigger and a hydraulic system to charge the weapon. The M60D differed from the base model by employing spade grips, a different sighting system, and lacking a forearm. It was typically employed as a door gun on helicopters or as a pintle mounted weapon as on the Type 88 K1 tank.
There are many smaller variants among each type, between makers of the firearm, and over time.
Variant summary
T161: The M60’s developmental designation before it was type-classified in the 1950s.
M60: The basic model, type-classified in 1957.
M60E1: An improved version that did not enter production. The primary difference was the handle fixed to the barrel and the removal of the gas cylinder and bipod from the barrel assembly.
M60E2: Used in vehicles as a coaxial machine gun; electrically fired.
M60B: Used in helicopters in the 1960s and 1970s; unmounted.
M60C: Used in fixed mounts in aircraft in the 1960s and 1970s; electrically fired and hydraulically charged.
M60D: Replaced the M60B; a pintle-mounted version used especially in armament subsystem for helicopters, but also some other roles.
M60E3: An updated, lightweight version adopted in the 1980s.
M60E4 (Mk 43 Mod 0/1): An improved model of the 1990s that looks similar to the E3, but has many improvements. It has subvariants of its own, and is also used by the U.S. Navy (as the Mk 43 Mod 0/1). The Mk 43 Mod 1 is a specialized version with additions such as extra rails for mounting accessories.
M60
M60 on the deck of USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) in 2006.
The initial version was officially adopted by the U.S. Army in the late 1950s, though at this time it was only intended for the infantry. It was known as the T161 before it was adopted (specifically the T161E3), and was chosen over the competing T52 during testing in the 1950s. They both used a similar feed and were both gas-operated, but the T161 was easier to produce and its different internals performed better. The model that won the competition was the T161E3.
The model was type-classified in 1957, and entered production. It saw its first heavy use in the 1960s. The basic design has undergone some smaller changes, and has been produced by different manufacturers.
M60E1
The M60E1 was the first major variant of the original M60. It did not go into full-scale production, though many of its features were included into the later E3 and E4 variants. Some of its features were also incorporated into the existing M60 production. This mainly changed how the gas cylinder, the barrel, and the bipod were connected; in the first iteration. The M60 and the M60E1 are two different versions. Opinions are varied on whether the M60E1 was officially adopted or not.
A camouflaged infantryman armed with an M60 machine gun.
One of the more noticeable changes on the M60E1 is that the bipod attachment point was moved to the gas tube rather than the barrel (like on the later M60E3). It did not, however, have a forward pistol grip, as was added on the E3.
M60E2
M60E2, intended for co-axial use. Note gas tube extension and no grip.
The M60E2 is used on armored fighting vehicles, such as the M48A5, later M60 Patton versions and the K1 Type 88. It lacks many of the external components of the standard M60, including stock and grips. The M60E2 was electrically fired, but had a manual trigger as a backup, as well as a metal loop at the back for charging. The gas tube below the barrel was extended to the full length of the weapon to vent the gas outside the vehicle. This version achieved a mean time between failures of 1,669 during testing in the 1970s, more frequent than the FN MAG, which was adopted in 1977 as a co-axial vehicle gun and designated the M240.
The M60E2 is used on the South Korea’s K1 Type 88 tank as a co-axial weapon, along with an M60D on a pintle mount.
M60B
The M60B was a short-lived version designed to be fired from helicopters, with limited deployment made in the 1960s and 1970s. It was not mounted, just held, and was soon replaced by the pintle-mounted M60D. The ‘B’ model differed most noticeably in that it had no bipod and featured a different rear stock than the regular model. It still had a pistol grip (as opposed to spade grips). The M60B’s advantage over pintle-mounted variants was that it had a wider and much less restricted field of fire.
M60C
The M60C machine gun.
The M60C is a variant of the standard M60 for aircraft-mounting, such as in helicopter armament subsystems. It lacks things like the bipod, pistol grip, and iron sights. The main difference between the standard M60 and the “C” variant is the electronic control system and the hydraulic swivel system used. It could be fired from the cockpit by the pilot or co-pilot. It is an electronically-controlled, hydraulic-powered, air-cooled, gas-operated, belt-fed weapon system. It used the M2, M6, and M16 armament subsystems and was mounted on the OH-13 Sioux, the OH-23 Raven, the UH-1B Huey, and comprised the standard fixed armament of the OV-10 Bronco. M60C production was on the order of several hundred. It was also used in the XM19 gun pod.
See also: US Helicopter Armament Subsystems
M60D
The M60D on the M23 Armament Subsystem.
The M60D is a mounted version of the standard M60. It can be mounted on boats, vehicles and as a pintle-mounted door gun in helicopters. When used in aircraft, it differs from the M60C in that it is not controlled by the pilotather, it is mounted in a door and operated by a member of the crew. Like the rest of the M60 family, it is an air-cooled, gas-operated, belt-fed weapon. Unlike other models, however, the M60D normally has spade grips and an aircraft ring-type sight or similar, as well as an improved ammunition feed system. A canvas bag is also affixed to the gun to capture ejected casings and links, preventing them from being sucked into the rotor blades or into an engine intake. The M60D was equipped on the UH-1B Huey (using the M23, XM29, M59, and the Sagami mounts), the CH-47 Chinook (using the M24 and M41 mounts) in both door and ramp locations, the ACH-47A “Guns-A-Go-Go” variant of the Chinook (using the XM32 and XM33 mounts), and on the UH-60 Black Hawk (using the M144 mount). The M60D is also used by the British on Royal Air Force Chinooks. In US service, the M60D are being replaced, primarily by the M240H.
See also: US Helicopter Armament Subsystems
M60E3
Navy SEAL team member fires an M60E3 from the shoulder during a field training exercise in 1987.
The M60E3 was fielded circa 1986 in an attempt to remedy problems with earlier versions of the M60 for infantry use. It is a lightweight, “improved” version intended to reduce the load carried by the gunner. Unlike its predecessors, the M60E3 has several updated modern features. It has a bipod (attached to the receiver) for improved stability, ambidextrous safety, universal sling attachments, a carrying handle on the barrel, and a simplified gas system. However, these features also caused almost as many problems for the weapon as they fixed. There were different types of barrels used, but the lightweight barrel was not as safe for sustained fire at 200 rounds per minute as heavier types. However, some personnel claim to have witnessed successful prolonged firing of the weapon. The stellite superalloy barrel liner makes it possible, but the excessive heat generated by this process can quickly make the gun unusable. There were two main barrels, a lightweight barrel and another heavier typehe former for when lighter weight was desired, and the latter for situations where more sustained fire was required.
M60E3.
The reduced-weight components also reduced the durability of the weapon, making it more prone to rapid wear and parts breakage than the original. Most infantry units in the U.S. Army and Marine Corps have now switched over to the M240 as their general-purpose machine gun, which is more reliable (particularly when dirty) and seems to be well-liked by the troops for its ruggedness, despite the fact that it weighs 27.6lb (12.5kg) compared to the standard M60 at 23.15lb (10.5kg).
The U.S. Air Force Security Forces received the M60E3 from 1988 to 1989. All USAF M60E3s were withdrawn from general issue by 1990, because it did not meet the vehicle mount requirements of the Cadillac Gage Ranger and due to overheating problems. The M60E3 did remain in the Air Force as an emergency issue weapon only. Still in service on Ohio Class ballistic missile submarines as a more reliable weapon has not even been considered for reissue.
M60E4 and Mk 43 Mod 0/1
This firearm is the latest generation of the M60 family and incorporates a number of improvements over other versions. Externally, it looks somewhat like the M60E3, but it has other internal changes and improvements. It features a different forward grip and is also a more reliable weapon than the other M60s. The M60E4/Mk 43 has higher pull for the belt, and is available in a variety of configurations. It is also possible to convert some older models to this standard. The M60E4 and Mk 43 were primarily developed in the 1990s. First the E4, and soon after the Mk 43hese early Mk 43s had some distinct differences from the E4 (such as a duckbill flash suppressor), though by the 2000s these distinctions seemed to have ended.
A mounted Mk 43 Mod 0 (M60E4) (later model) is crewed by a Seabee of NMCB-15 (Naval Mobile Construction Battalion), on a convoy in Iraq in May 2003.
This version also has another designation under the Navy, Mk 43 Mod 0. The Mk 43 Mod 0 was developed for the U.S. Navy SEALs to replace their existing stock of M60E3 machine guns fitted with shorter “assault barrels”. These weapons are identical to standard M60E4s, with the exception of the barrel length, and can be used either as suppressive fire or direct fire weapons, at least in terms of theory and training. The Mk 43 Mod 1 adds significantly more rail attachment points to the weapon’s receiver cover and handguard.
The M60E4 and Mk 43 versions are roughly similar, although they are only part of the same family. While it might be fair to say that the Mk 43s are a type of M60E4, there are technical differences between any given M60E4 model. Early Mk 43s have certain differences over M60E4 from the same period, the most obvious being the duck-bill flash hider and different handguard. Current Mk 43s do not have these differences however, and the U.S. Ordnance website states in their FAQ, as of 2005, that the “M60E4 and the Mk43 are the same weapon system”.
The M60E4 was pitted against the (then called) M240E4 in Army trials during the 1990s for new medium machine gun for the infantry, in a competition to replace the decades-old M60s. The M240E4 won, and was then classified as the M240B. This led to 1,000 existing M240s being sent to Fabrique Nationale for an overhaul and a special kit that modified them for use on ground (such as a stock, a rail, etc.). Afterwards, procurement contracts were let in the late 1990s for all-new M240B models. However, a new feature was added: a hydraulic buffer system to reduce the felt recoilimilar to that of the M60as incorporated. While the M240B had been more reliable in the tests, it was a few pounds heavier than the M60E4.
The M60E4 is not just another version, but a whole update to the series, that is also available in many of the previous configurations, such as a co-axial weapon. Kits are also offered to convert older models to the E4 standard.
M60E4 (Light machine gun):
Short barrel: weight: 22.5 lb (10.2 kg); length: 37.7 in (95.8 cm)
Long barrel: weight: 23.1 lb (10.5 kg); length: 42.4 in (108 cm)
Assault barrel: weight: 21.3 lb (9.66 kg); length: 37.0 in (94.0 cm)
Width: 4.8 in (12.2 cm)
M60E4 (mounted):
Length: 43.5 in (110 cm)
Width: 5.9 in (15.0 cm)
Weight: 22.7 lb (10.3 kg)
M60E4 (co-axial):
Length: 42.3 in (107 cm)
Width: 4.8 in (12.2 cm)
Weight: 21.2 lb (9.62 kg)
Civilian versions
A number of semi-automatic versions for the civilian market have been produced in the United States. The internals must be extensively modified to make it essentially impossible to convert them to fully-automatic weapons. If the design is approved by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE), they are treated as belt-fed semi-automatic rifles; however, individual state and local regulations still apply.
The U.S. Ordnance company is the current maker authorized by Saco to produce mil-spec M60s and M60 parts. However, U.S. Ordnance put its civilian semi-auto sales on hold until 2006 because its production capacity is required for government orders. The company had charged $8000 for a new semi-automatic M60.
The Desert Ordnance company is a current maker of M60s and M60 parts. The company charges between $13000-$14000 for a new semi-automatic M60, depending on the model.
Various makes of older fully-automatic versions are on the market as well, but there are many legal requirements to be met before purchasing them, and they cost upwards of U.S. $20,00030,000. This is largely due to the restriction on the production of fully-automatic firearms in the U.S. for the general civilian market since 1986. The combination of banning production and importation has led many to think it is illegal to own a machine gun, when, in fact, it is legal to own and use a fully-automatic M60 machine gun in the United States (unless prohibited by other state or local laws).
Users
Republic of Korea soldiers with an M60 conduct combined amphibious landing during Foal Eagle 07.
Moro Islamic Liberation Front militant laying prone with an M60.
Portuguese Army V-150 Commando armed with an M60.
Australia
Colombia
Czech Republic: The M60E4 is used in small numbers by specialized units of the Czech Army.
Egypt
Greece
Jordan
Panama
Peru
Philippines
Portugal: Portuguese Army uses M60E and D mounted on V-150 Commando.[citation needed]
Republic of Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
Tunisia
United States: Used by the US Army and the US Navy SEALs.
See also
Military of the United States portal
Airman with M60, assigned to the 52nd Security Forces Squadron (SFS), at Spangdahlem Air Base (AB), Germany.
PK machine gun, M60’s Warsaw Pact counterpart.
List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces
List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces
References
^ a b The M60. Federation of American Scientists.
^ Weapons: An International Encyclopedia From 5000 B.C. To 2000 A.D. Diagram Visual, p. 217. ISBN 0-312-03950-6.
^ “Gun Control : Machine Guns”. Guncite.com. 2005-02-19. http://www.guncite.com/gun_control_gcfullau.html. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k {{cite web |url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/smallarms.htm |title=Profiling the Small Arms Industry
^ http://www.army.cz/assets/files/9334/zbrane_definit.pdf
^ http://www.timawa.net/pmc.htm
^ Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. Salamander Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84065-245-4.
^ M60E3 & Mk43 Mod 0
Global Security: the M60E3
Modern Firearms & Ammunition: the M60
Department of the Army Field Manual No. 3-22.68
U.S. Army TACOM Rock Island
MCWP 3-15.1 United States Marine Corps: “Machine Guns and Machine Gun Gunnery”
Navy SEALs
M60E4
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
M60 (machine gun) (category)
US Ordnance Website (Current maker of M60s)
Military Factory Small Arms
Belt-Fed FG42: Predecessor to the M60
US Army manual: Operator’s Manual For M60, M122, M60D
Video links
Nazarian`s Gun`s Recognition Guide (FILM) M60 Presentation (.MPEG)
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General Purpose Machine Guns (GPMG)
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Current U.S. infantry weapons and cartridges
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M120 M224 M252
Rockets
M3 M72 series M136 M141 M202A1 Mk 153
Missiles
FGM-172 FGM-148 FIM-92
Cartridges
12-gauge 5.7×28mm 9×19mm NATO .45 ACP 5.56×45mm NATO 7.62×51mm NATO 12.7×99mm NATO
v d e
Current equipment of the United States Air Force
Aircraft
Attack
A/OA-10A/C Thunderbolt II AC-130H/U Spectre/Spooky II
Bomber
B-1B Lancer B-2A Spirit B-52H Stratofortress
Electronic Warfare
E-3B/C Sentry E-4B E-8C Joint STARS E-9A EC-130J Commando Solo
Fighter
F-15C/D Eagle F-15E Strike Eagle F-16C/D Fighting Falcon F-22A Raptor
Reconnaissance
OC-135B Open Skies RC-26B RC-135S/U/V/W RQ-4A Global Hawk RQ-11B Raven RQ-170 Sentinel U-2R/S Dragon Lady WC-130J Super Hercules WC-135C/W Constant Phoenix Scan Eagle Wasp III
Search and Rescue
HH-60G/MH-60G Pave Hawk HC-130P/N
Tanker
KC-10A Extender KC-135E/R/T Stratotanker
Trainer
T-1A Jayhawk T-6A Texan II (A)T-38A/B/C Talon T-43A TG-10B/C/D TG-15A/B
Transport
C-5A/B/C/M Galaxy VC-9C C-12C/D/F Huron C-17A Globemaster III C-20A/B/C Gulfstream III C-20G/H Gulfstream IV C-21A Learjet CV-22 Osprey VC-25A C-32A/B C-37A Gulfstream V C-37B Gulfstream V C-38 Courier C-40B Clipper C-41A Aviocar C-130E/H/J Hercules
Utility/Multi-Mission
LC-130H MC-130 Combat Talon I,II/Combat Spear/Combat Shadow MQ-1B Predator MQ-9 Reaper U-28A UH-1H/N/V Huey UV-18A/B Twin Otter YAL-1
Space Systems
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Atlas V Delta II Delta IV
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Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) Defense Support Program (DSP) Global Positioning System (GPS) Milstar Satellite Communications System Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) Wideband Global SATCOM
C2
AN/USQ-163 Falconer
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CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition CBU-89 Gator CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon GBU-10 Paveway II GBU-12 Paveway II GBU-15 GBU-24 Paveway III GBU-27 Paveway III GBU-28 GBU-31 JDAM GBU-32 JDAM GBU-38 JDAM GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb GBU-54 Laser JDAM Mk-82 Mk-84 M129
Missile
AGM-65A/B/D/E/G/G2/H/K Maverick AGM-86B/C/D Air-Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM) AGM-88A/B/C High-speed Anti-radiation Missile (HARM) AGM-130 Powered Standoff Weapon AGM-154A Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Stand-off Missile (JASSM) AIM-7M Sparrow AIM-9M/X Sidewinder AIM-120B/C Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) LGM-30G Minuteman III
Target
BQM-34 Firebee BQM-167 Subscale Aerial Target MQM-107 Streaker QF-4 Aerial Target
Small Arms
M4 Carbine M9 Semiautomatic Pistol M11 Semiautomatic Pistol M1911A1 Semiautomatic Pistol M14 Stand-off Munitions Disruptor (SMUD) M16A2 Rifle M18A1 Claymore Mine M24 Sniper Weapon System M67 Fragmentation Grenade M79 Grenade Launcher M107/M82A1 Long Range Sniper Rifle M2 .50-Caliber Machine Gun M240B Medium Machine Gun M249 light machine gun M60 Medium Machine Gun MCS 870 Modular Combat Shotgun MK-19 40 mm Machine Gun MP5K Submachine Gun UZI Submachine Gun M72 Light Anti-tank Weapon (LAW) GAU-5A/GUU-5P Carbine M136 AT4 Light Anti-tank Weapon Mk 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle
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Joe Dirt part 6 of 10 Full Movie Credited to KickassTorrents.com Joe Dirt starring David Spade
Someone told me yesterday that I look just like a lady in this show and talk just like her but she couldn’t remember the name of the show. Does anyone know?
Thank you! I found her picture on a website. Guess I can’t rate my answers since I am a newbie???
Weekend Update with Norm Macdonald. David Spade is the guest. Watch more classic SNL videos on my channel!
The Phunk Junkeez perform the title track for the movie Tommy Boy. A revised version of Kiss’ I Love It Loud. Featuring Chris Farley and David Spade
How does both the Marxist and capitalist philosophical crisis get stimulus from the each other? (5 of 10)
How does play the role of the state in balancing from alienation to participation in the productive forces in the socialist state for winning the hearts of the common people and killing the adverts through its influential nearest of productive and non-productive forces on the name religion, region, welfare, democracy, socialism, and terrorism in the world, without sharing in the affairs of the state and leaving it free to rule in the hands of political parties in democratic and secular India and in all global states?
In the list of non-productive forces, religion occupied the first place from the ancient period; the Egyptian gods had their origin in nature. The belief of the people was and is the internal matter of every body in the world. The belief as an idea is a matter of the individual and how it was taken place in his mind and how it would be replaced with another belief is unanswerable question to anybody in the world. Belief, thought, and feelings of everybody could be identified with the acts of the same individuals in the society on a particular reactions or actions on few occasions that could be identified by everybody. But the sources all these beliefs, thoughts, and feelings could be identified through more than three to four ways that were taken place in the minds of the people in general and a person in particular.
Particular ideas of a bunch of the people could be identified with its available sources in any country and in any society. The history of the different regions in the world could be identified with the popular religions of past and present days in the world. There were the traditions and practices of the gods prior to the days of Abraham. After the Old Testament the ideas and traditions of the people were changed. The practices of the faith and the feeling on the creations of world were changed. And in later times, Jesus Christ, upon who’s preaching and practice all most the beliefs of the region were further changed in the place of old ideas in their minds in a massive way.
The ideas, beliefs, and thoughts are different from issue to issue, subject to subject, action to action, need to need, and to the time to time. So no idea of any individual is permanent and could never be expected on expected lines by anybody.
However, the sources of ideas, thoughts and beliefs are concerned that the sources could be identified from childhood of any individual to the time of his death, from the surroundings at the early child hood of anybody, and the period of growth through the parents, teachers, and in the adult period friends and the society where he is a member. After finding the living source, while education, or after the education, the another new place would add to know about all that things what were he saw and understood about its reasons, caused, effects and its needs during the lifetime.
If I say exactly every one have to learn a lot and his whole life is not enough to understand the whole things of the history of thousands and thousands of years of the past and it is ever changing from minute to minute. So the whole life is not enough to understand the drop of the ocean. In essence it is impossible to understand the whole things of the globe. So the branches of all the subjects which were in the past originated and developed from time to time on the broad line of the non-productive section and are treated as the knowledge about the things of the past present and of the future. The book on the social sciences, engineering, bio sciences and arts are the sources of the knowledge in the field of education and useful to those who are engaged in these subjects have to learn through these theory works. If these books are weighted it goes to the waste paper market without any validity.
Hence it is listed in the non-productive section of the society and those who are engages in the teaching profession should be counted as the members of the non-productive forces and the total cost and the payments of them through the federal or central governments in any country are treated as burden on the society and its productive forces. Because these educational instituted and universities with its maintenance are the part of the state affair and the social productive forces have to bear it through the taxes or levies on the people whose who live in the state.
It is another question for the rulers of Indian government to think over about non-refunding of the amount spent on education of medicine in making the students as doctors and after getting the degree at the cost of one million rupees of the government, simply constructing their own clinics and hospitals for changing thousands of rupees for simple stomach pains like complaints by the poor and down trodden in rural and in urban areas in India.
1)Hence the subjects of the all political and governmental sections have been developed from the main source of the social productions by the productive relations whom were and are ever changing from time to time. Consequently the basic spirit of the progress and development in this field is entirely depended upon itself only. Because the players in its development need material, tools, (subject knowledge) skilled labor, basic need of its further development and its sustainability in the society itself.
2) Productive field’s requirements for further progress and development, the skilled labor, productive instruments, and productive relation in which the masters and slaves or the lords or the slaves or the masters and the slaves were to work for the progress of the society. This filed was and is the important and potential enough to feed the whole members of society including its depended field of non-productive including its service related works of them men of those who were engages in such fields
3) The common differences within these sections were the regular business of the society from the past to the present. It means the different and number of sections in the non-productive fields were to live with differences each against each whenever the interests of any section was suspected by the other within these fields, the protective measures were initiated from all those who were in its supervisory power. The struggles within itself and their unity were continued because they are not the losers and gainers of the economical benefits and losses. These sections were the depended sections of the society and were under control of the state. So that the state or the king at that time had to take care of these sections to go smoothly in their regular affairs until and unless sees that no effect could be suspected to the other sections of the society. The same continuation from the period of master slave relations to the present state and its machinery level of treatment was and is continuing in the present capitalist system too. a brief history of the state from its date of origin to present state of capitalism, how had it become strong and potential in dominating the social productions and catalyzing the equations of the social transitions through its magnificent formulas and logics if we understand the complete picture of the society in an organized form it would be beneficial to replace the present social system upon which the system of capitalizing the resources for more benefit of the poor and oppressed classes of the societies in the world.
The origin of the state was an essential and greater need at the time when the people began to feel it as their need what I stated about it from the ancient period of the history, that had made the society to sustain it as unavoidable thing to come into being to serve as a savior and protector of the societies and due to its widened subjects it was completely alienated from the work of the social productive field and settled in the non-productive field and have given an indication to the remained people of the society that its field and its subsections were and are very beneficial and easy to resume with an assurance to have the wealth unceasingly.
So the state, religion, entire organs of the state, education, arts, technical trainings etc, which could not produce any article, or commodity for the society and keeps its functions going in smooth way through its subjects, of laws, security personnel Prisons and judiciary. To feed all its branches it had taken so many steps from warring and annexing the others societies and its states to feed its depended people of all its branches from it origin to the present state.
However war and winning the territories, with gaining of the wealth from the defeated territories was the game of the kings and warriors from the history of Sumerians. Gilgamesh’s urr city was constructed by 3000bc as par one claim, but it’s the fact the king and history of the kings could be ascertained with a little of deference in the lengthy period of the state’s history. Here the state’s city and the name of the king and their contributions are different from each other till the reports and evidences are proved about their works in such remote history of past
They invented the Sumerian cuneiform script first in 3200 BC, due the relationship and living together as a civilization they were already in practice of agriculture in the year of 10000 BC. It is not easy to conclude about the past happenings without evidence on the developmental phases of the state. Ubaid culture and their civilization was claimed to be existed there prior to the Sumerians. In India, it is appeared that the city state Kashi was stated to be the first state and it had Varanasi as its capital city. In the thin picture to locate the exact feature of the state for its origin is very hard but I can say till present the Gilgamesh was the first king and the history had proved about his existence there archaeologically.
For practical purpose of confirming the period of the origin of the state in the world history, in which the emergence of the state did not have the same reasons at all times of its origins in the other states. It is better to estimate about its origin and its features, three models could be discussed in detail. Firstly it is confirmed fact that only after forming the civilization the state had been emerged from it within the civilizations as it is in the case of Sumerians. The Greeks who invented their Greek language much later to the period of Sumerians and thirdly, from Indian history, Rig-Veda is the first book through which the grim picture of the nature of the society could be known. In these three models with the developments in each field and its contradictions would be discussed. Firstly in the list of non production field and its struggles within itself, would go on through the relations religion with state, Slaves with masters, kings and wars with reasons leading to the development of the societies and extensions of the empires on global level.
Hegel divided the religions into three different forms. Of them one is natural religion which is in practice in Egypt and India. Second is in the form of arts which is practiced by Greeks and Romans. The third is revelation in the form of revelation which is Christianity.
Sumerian kings list which was believed written by Acadians in 3rd millennium BC in Sumerian language and it is based of their mythology and the period of each ruler was told in thousands of years of the reign. The clear demarcation between mythology and materiality could be made through the archaeological findings only. Without archeological support the historical events and happenings of the past in the ancient history would never be claimed in the chain of progress and development of the society.
The epic of the Gilgamesh in the ancient text of Babylonia had given some amount of the suspicions about the ancient kingdom’s existence prior to the popular story of floods which discusses about the floods event in the bible. The Exact description of the state and its nature of society which was run under the command and control of the king Gilgamesh at that time could be understood through his own writings on the tablets, known as twelve table law to the modern world. The archeological support through the clay tablets on which his own declarations and his feeling were written in a mix of thoughts relating to the material as well as his spiritual beliefs about his subjects in his state. . In exact estimation about his rule at that time the description itself was available on the clay tablets on which in Acadians languages and it was stated to be written by the king himself about the conditions of his state and his affairs.
I like to adopt the way to materialize the content out of divinity from his subjects which are available in material form. The principle of accepting or rejecting any description on the things was or is in existence upon its entirety or on it partially or in a bit wise, according to the principle of applicability of its part or of its entirety in formulating any idea about the past in which the thing was or is existed. Because bible as a book, it is accepted by the most of the people.
At the same time, in the absence of the written history beyond the period of composition of the book, it is necessary to take some contents mentioned in the bible into consideration for further findings about the things to prove whether that things were existed or not in the period upon which the bible is still have a claim. If the fire of seventh century did not take place in Alexandria’s library, one million copies may give many evidences to the world about the past.
And the enthusiastic archaeologists carried the spade and book in hands and moved on the lines on biblical claims on the areas and locations. For example, shekel was used as currency at that time, so that Abraham used that in the market and bought something in his needs at that time. Following acts were taken place by the Abraham upon whom we must rely and depend upon that the incidents or acts were done in his life
”And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver, which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current money with the merchant (Genesis 23:16)”
The measurements and accounts for the exchange of the value of the commodities through which the daily live of the people was run according to its social and statutes of the state at that time. The silver value with its origin cost, as a value in the market as a currency in measuring the values and the values of the commodities were identified in exchange of the commodities. At the time of emergence of the value system the currency for exchange of the commodities were emerged there in the market at that biblical time. The state had not intervened much with its cheating role into the commercial market through introduction of the currency as an instrument of exchange value of the commodities at that time of biblical societies
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The cities were well built and the social value systems were in practice and confirm that the humans were living with all matured way in the society. The cities were built at the cost of the societies through the slaves and the gated were the protective measure of the societies. It is proved in the verse of bible, which is as follows.
“Unto Abraham for a possession in the presence of the children of Heth, before all that went in at the gate of his city (genesis 23:18)”
“Early the next morning Abraham got up and saddled his donkey. He took with him two of his servants and his son Isaac. When he had cut enough wood for the burnt offering, he set out for the place God had told him about.( Genesis 22:3)”
The rules as penalties for the losses or about the wrong doers also mentioned in the bible and confirm that the society of the biblical period was governed by the state. Punishments could be seen in that society through the following verses.
“If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned (genesis23:32)”
“And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life,(genesis23:23)
The penal laws of the time were originated from the common aspiration of those who were the wrong doers and suffered and the same were implemented by the state, which was in its primary stage in which all three parts of modern legal system was vested in one hand only. The king was the sole for his all decisions that were directly implemented through his own channel of spying the people and finding their positions with their wishes. So the following law was introduced.
Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot (genesis23: 24)”
This kind of law was and is the first in its king in the world and it has its source firstly in the bible only and the biblical area, and its people were practiced in their societies.
The calculation of the value system of the live stock with exchanging values in the market and the preparation before journey could be understood through the following biblical verses.
“…Thirty female camels with their young, forty cows and ten bulls, and twenty female donkeys and ten male donkeys (Genesis 32:15)”
“…they loaded their grain on their donkeys and left.”(Genesis 42:26)”
So they brought their livestock to Joseph, and he gave them food in exchange for their horses, their sheep and goats, their cattle and donkeys. And he brought them through that year with food in exchange for all their livestock.( Genesis 47:17)
The transportation system was the established through donkeys at that time firstly then camel, horses were emerged in the list of transport for the goods and journey. It is understood through the following verse about the “best things of Egypt “
“And this is what he sent to his father: ten donkeys loaded with the best things of Egypt, and ten female donkeys loaded with grain and bread and other provisions for his journey.( Genesis 45:23)”
At the same time there was a practice to bury the dead in their own land only. It means there was no practice of common burial place for the dead at that time.
“”And the field, and the cave that is therein, were made sure unto Abraham for a possession of a buryingplace by the sons of Heth. (genesis23:20)”
Furthermore, a relief of a day after six days works; it was suggested at that time through the following verse, without going into the controversy of interpolations in the bible. And it was the great contribution of six days working in seven days and one day rest was based on the animals which needed to have a rest. Work and rest was emerged from the totality of the whole society of that time. In the absence of the evidences in this regard, the bible is itself an evidence to find the real reasons of working and resting equations in the whole spectrum of humans and in animals.
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“Six days do your work, but on the seventh day do not work, so that your ox and your donkey may rest and the slave born in your household, and the alien as well, may be refreshed.( Exodus 23:12)’
The percentage of tribute also recommended to set for their lord from the plundered material as it is seen in the following verse.
“From the soldiers who fought in the battle, set apart as tribute for the LORD one out of every five hundred, whether persons, cattle, donkeys, sheep or goats.( Numbers 31:28)“
Now again coming back to the topic about the role of state in the commerce of the society how the state was turned a direct in cheating the people through the minting of coins and currency from ancient time to present which is known as barter system, in which the state could not play its role, but on the invention of coins and currency, the state had been increased by its revenue deceitfully to meet the growing warring expenditures from time to time.
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The value of the food material was divided into two types. One is perished and another is durable. Those who need the material if that was non-decay able, it was known that it could be useful to them in future. And those who have such material in large have been treated as their helpful and they had paid a particular attention towards them. At the same time those who had the material that had no durability, had made them to do something better than throwing out from their possession. Those who possess non-durable food material used to give to other in exchange of his bread for a wine.
The wine and bread’s combination was they found a good for both in need of hungry and some entertainment, so the practice was initiated at that time to exchange the material what they had and exchanged from each other. In that system of exchange the value of the article or commodity, could not be seen how much the labor was applied to gain it but to loose it on the system of need and needful time was determined to gain that valuables or loose the valuables. Meat and bread was very much exchangeable commodities between the two needy individuals on sensing the equal needs between the two. Iron bars were emerged as a weighting system of exchanging the commodities in the place of exchange system.
A system of common instrument as an item for exchange of the commodities was emerged in the place of exchange of commodities in the commerce in which the state had no role to play in the market affairs. As per the common instrumental system the weighting and downsizing the iron bars to purchase the other items was in practice. This system was introduced by Spartans of Greece. In India these two systems were in common use but the coins of skin was in use in India. In common instrument as iron bars in sales and in purchases there was to cut down the sizes of the iron bars for a while for other commodities was created a major problem to all the people, and even more problems were caused to the poor who needed to cut down all the iron bars very frequently for fulfilling their needs. Consequently they had to bear the loss and wastage of the iron for which they needed another system of measurement they needed. And the role of those who posses more than their needs they had to come forward for assurances on buying and purchasing the articles in the market.
In some societies they were played a role of middle men in the commercial affairs of the society. The deposits of the commodities at any trustworthy of the society by all in a way of mutual consent to buy and sell basis as he was aware of the people with needs. The iron was not to break into pieces so easily as copper to break in such a way that would never cause any hard labor and loss of some pieces in waste had gained prominence in that societies of both roman and Greeks with a difference of time. The copper was the metal which had its value in the market for its own worth of its weight and the same copper metal was used as instrument in exchanging commodities in both ways of its cost with worth as a metal. The needs and feelings of the losses were some more increased with the replacement of the iron by the copper.
In the process of continuing developments in the field of weights and measurements, there were continuous problems they faces such as the calculation of the labor which was applied on the commodity to get into in the market. The calculation of the labor was a great loss to the poor and worker at the same time his master too. No barter system was partial, but the people were partial for their subjects themselves only. Those who have the commodities had the exchange through the silver bars till the emergence of the coins and currency. At that time of barter system the sate has no role to play in the field of commerce because it had its role of collection of tribute from those who have such positions and wealth in the society in the reasonable manner.
And the deceitful act was not in the commerce the state was to play role in the market affairs. It was free of markets and the people were practiced such system but every system have its strengths and weakness which spirits the people to find more effectiveness in the interest of the people. The gold coins in some countries were introduced by the kings in their respective territories. Prior to the gold, copper, iron, there was the entry of the state into the commerce by stamping on the silver bars for its guarantee of its weight and value so as to avoid the double work of braking for its calculations. On any bar was stamped by the sign of king the people began believing that the guarantee was there about the bar through which they could buy their needy commodities without any further complications in the market of those empires.
The roman king, Servious Tullius(578-535BC)fifth king, who had been believed by one of the available sources, minted ponds with bronze weighting one, five, and ten And the cost and value had no difference. This kind of introduction of the pounds with the bronze metal was his need of his survival. The collection of the tribute in material form like, food grain, sheep, goat, ox, horses was not easy job for his subjects of state affairs. The system of collection of tribute from the different people of his empire like, war lords, farmers, land lords, free men and slaves, in order to meet the war requirements by the roman king who had introduced the coinage for the first time in the world.
The roman king was proved very honest at the time of introducing the system of pounds of bronze metal was equally valuable in weight and value, without a difference between its cost and its value as an instrument of sale and purchase in the market. So that the people of his empire was easily adopted a change in the system of collection of tribute to the king. One pound was divided into twelve ounces a ‘real ounce of good copper’. ‘A good copper coins in worth and value was continued from the time of Alexander the first to Robert Bruce a pound of silver of the same weight and fineness with the English pound sterling ,English French and Scots pennies too contained all of them originally a real penny weight of silver, the twentieth part of the ounce’ . ‘The roman, as in the latter ages of the republic was reduced to the twenty fourth part of its original value and instead of we a pound, came to weight only half of the ounce.
The English pound and penny containing at present about a third only’.. it means from the period of invention of the coins and noted either from the bronze and silver metal to gold coins, the kings were continued the practice of the issuing the coins with both value and worth, until the increase of the king’s affairs in wars they resorted to cut short the worth of the coins in weight and the value of the coins and noted they continued with their royal signs and symbols by benefiting themselves in the coins. When the instrument, in the market for sale and purchase the people invented on their own need and the demand, has been shifted from the hands of the people to the king’s subjects, the loss of the people both in the worth and in value made the kings to fill the treasures by another way from the commerce illegitimately and deceitfully. In other words, the royal families and the kings whose values in the people were once in high degree and they were known to the people that they were their protectors from the other invasions and the plunders with killings.
While their expansions of the territories with widening of the royal subjects in the wars, the coinage and notes with the royal signs ,they found the way of securing the benefit from the field commerce along with other sectors which made them some hundreds to fold of wealth gatherer for the treasury of the royal subjects. From the origin of the state from a small unit to the mighty form of widened subjects and expansions of the territories, they were allowed to follow the codes of their laws in their societies at their times to all the people according to their values and worth in calculation of their wealth. These were made them to emerge many classes in their societies. The roman period which was started to grow into strong form as state to continue its existence, in which what was their twelve tables said about them to follow as their written law to be read in the following verses.
The summoning system was based on the individual complaints on the causes of the losses to them by somebody upon which he was to complain against the wrong doer to the magistrate, on receipt of the complaint the magistrate has given a power to get the wrong doer into the court by force for which the force was assigned in doing such work in the field of the judiciary. During the king’s period the king was to see such individual cases in the sense of justifying the individuals in the most cleverly manners. Consequently separate department was constituted to look in to such matters from the society as a king had empowered to discharge his duties moreover some social laws were also introduced restricting the funerals inside the city with instructions not to shed the tears by women at the death. The equality statues also defined and restricted the marriages between the plebeians and patricians. The political activities also was under scanner restricted the meetings in the night there in their empire. For all such details the following laws are available which were known as the basic laws of the early rise of the roman empire.
” Table I.
1. If anyone summons a man before the magistrate, he must go. If the man summoned does not go, let the one summoning him call the bystanders to witness and then take him by force.”
“2. If he shirks or runs away, let the summoned laid hands on him”.
“6-9. When the litigants settle their case by compromise, let the magistrate announce it. If they do not compromise, let them state each his own side of the case, in the comitium of the forum before noon. Afterwards let them talk it out together, while both are present. After noon, in case either party has failed to appear, let the magistrate pronounce judgment in favor of the one who is present. If both are present the trial may last until sunset but no later”.
“Table II.
2. He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls before his house every third day.”
“Table III.
1. One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that forcible seizure of his person is allowed. The creditor shall bring him before the magistrate. Unless he pays the amount of the judgment or some one in the presence of the magistrate interferes in his behalf as protector the creditor so shall take him home and fasten him in stocks or fetters. He shall fasten him with not less than fifteen pounds of weight or, if he chooses, with more. If the prisoner chooses, he may furnish his own food. If he does not, the creditor must give him a pound of meal daily; if he chooses he may give him more”.
“3. Against a foreigner the right in property shall be valid forever”.
“Table IV.
1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed.
2. If a father sells his son three times, the son shall be free from his father.
5. A child born after ten months since the father’s death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance”.
“Table V.
1. Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority.”
“Table VI.
1. When one makes a bond and a conveyance of property, as he has made formal declaration so let it be binding”.
“Table VII.
1. Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive his team where he likes.
9. Should a tree on a neighbor’s farm be bent crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree.
10. A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man’s farm”.
“Table VIII.
2. If one has maimed a limb and does not compromise with the injured person, let there be retaliation. If one has broken a bone of a freeman with his hand or with a cudgel, let him pay a penalty of three hundred coins. If he has broken the bone of a slave, let him have one hundred and fifty coins. If one is guilty of insult, the penalty shall be twenty-five coins”.
“3. If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain”.
“4. If a patron shall have devised any deceit against his client, let him be accursed”.
“10. Any person who destroys by burning any building or heap of corn deposited alongside a house shall be bound, scourged, and put to death by burning at the stake provided that he has committed the said misdeed with malice aforethought; but if he shall have committed it by accident, that is, by negligence, it is ordained that he repair the damage or, if he be too poor to be competent for such punishment, he shall receive a lighter punishment”
“23. A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock”.
“26. No person shall hold meetings by night in the city”.
“Table IX.
4. The penalty shall be capital for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision”.
“5. Treason: he who shall have roused up a public enemy or handed over a citizen to a public enemy must suffer capital punishment”.
“6. Putting to death of any man, whosoever he might be unconvicted is forbidden”.
“Table X.
1. None is to bury or burn a corpse in the city.
3. The women shall not tear their faces nor wail on account of the funeral”.
“Table XI.
1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians”.
“Table XII.
5. Whatever the people had last ordained should be held as binding by law”.
The Hammurabi code of law, in which, certain laws were identified with the bible, and now the roman laws in the form of twelve table, as all these laws were initiated in their kingdoms to ensure security and safety of the people in the world. The Manu code of laws were compared with the code of laws of Hammurabi and found that the slave system was not directly taken place in India and clarified that the Indian system had no such similarities with the Egyptian, Sumerian, and biblical societies in India.
So that Indian society and its civilization had its own system with difference of the other systems in the world. Consequently it has to understand it from its own source from its origin, growth and present development from the way what it had contributed for its development. The study of these laws in the societies where all these were emerged and developed shows how the societies were worked in its ancient civilizations and its relative factors within the society which evolves in and around of each of the subjects of the societies by influencing each other on the development of its own factors within themselves alone.
In other words the widening subjects of the state under the non-productive fields dragged the people under their control from the productive fields of the societies from time to time with every development of the different sectors of the productive non-productive fields o the societies most of old ancient societies including Greeks Athenian, Spartan, and in roman empires. The Roman Empire was the best example in the history from the period of origin of the state to the development of its fullest form under the control of the different kings and kingdoms, in which the twelve table laws were emerged. It is the fact that the ten members were appointed to write laws of twelve table through which the courts were first formed to find the individual violation of the social laws such as the debts, damages, compendiums, with other penal laws were initiated to check the individuals first in the history of the jurisprudence in the roman empire.
It is also evidence that the first code of laws was written by the king himself and put all his laws were in practice for his development of his kingly subjects and issues in the world materialistically. Because the bible as a first book of faith, which was and is the first book of the world as known to the majority of the global people including the Islamic people also believes that it is the first book of faith upon which most of the worldly people have faith and believes for their routine practices in their lives. In essence the bible is still not considered to be the book of the world materialistically. So that it needs its archeological evidences on the issues which discusses in the history of the societies of the world.
Keeping its nature upon its subjects, in view I took some subjects of the social laws and social things which were in practice at the time of Abraham, Joshua, animals, measurements, and weights, social and individual needs with territorial identifications in support of the findings from the history. Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot (Genesis23:24) has been mentioned in the Hammurabi code of laws which are given below.
If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. [Law no 194, an eye for an eye]. In whole of 282(including some missing laws) laws in the Hammurabi code of laws, only one law is the same which is available in the bible in common, but the period of these two books have no relations between the two laws. The code of laws was emerged from the materialistic world and complete form of laws related to the society and the people with all their business of social transactions under the command of the state. The state, it is known that the society at that time of Hammurabi, the king who contributed all these laws for the smooth administration in the society in which many fields were found and developed in its already clarified way of the productive and non-productive forces in all their fields and complete variation of the non-productive fields of society which was taken the complete shape of the state at the cost of the productive forces as equally needful to the state, society and to the productive fields with its relations within that society.
All the laws were found in material form and emerged from the society and found no role of divinity though they could have their gods and their religion at the time of the king who wrote all these laws for his royal subjects only. It is now become essential no know about the period of the bible was written, for exact evidences of the social laws with its relation to the productive and non-productive forces on the basis of the things which were related to material things only. Hence it is not possible to take the bible into account for its material existence at that time archeologically.
At the same time I would never take all the archeological evidences here but the social things which were in existence to calculate the social life of the people, market commodities, exchange of the materials, productive forces, non-productive forces, the relations of the productive forces with the valuation of the social classes of the biblical society.
The period of composition from its first book genesis to its last book revelation had been taken 145 years from 1400 BC to 50 AD. In many accounts its events in the history is coming out through the archaeological evidences. It is not only a book of religious thoughts of the people but it is also a historical document also. Its narration about the issues reflects the social conditions of that time, from the period of Abraham to Jesus Christ. The state had been developed so widely in the most civilized manner from the barbarians to the administration of justice. Abrahams’ wife case and his piece of land dispute with his neighbor shows a change in the social laws which actually emerge from the society itself. They made bricks and burnt it thoroughly and build a tower first which was perhaps the first temple in the biblical religion.
They built the city too with the tower which should reach to the heaven in its height as they decided to build the cities and temple. While traveling Abraham feared to disclose of the relation with wife as his wife before the pharaoh who could kill Abraham as the power of king has in his and to own any woman for him. And Abraham asked his wife to keep the fact in secret and they told to the pharaoh on asking him about the lady when he confronted him. The pharaoh as they thought he would take his lady, if they tell to his the she is his wife. After many years, Abraham took back his woman with all material on realization of the relationship of wife and husband between him and his woman. Another most important and barbarian law which had its base in bible only and it had been widely applied and practiced in other societies there.
How the society was at the time of Abraham could be understood through the initiation of some rules to follow in the society as these are now in practice and its practical purpose would never be belittled on the name of religion. Religions in the world though have more or less had the impact on the character of the individuals of the societies which were run by the productive forces of the societies but the religions as non-productive were proved very influential in molding the nature and character of the individuals in the society.
The societies in which men women, children, sons, daughters, grand mothers, grand daughters, daughters in law, mothers in law etc were and every one had their relations with each other. At the same way the forbidden acts were initiated in these societies though they have been associated with religious beliefs and their affiliations on the beliefs of the gods at the time of these initiations were come into being in different times in the societies.
These ideas, if we call these initiations as ideas, before introducing in to societies at the time of its need to put the people in order for a specific goal, or for some other purpose of worldly or heavenly, the people were obliged with a sense that these ideas in their lives could be helpful in dealing with the other people in the societies.
Though these were no way concerned with the productive instruments but these laws are concerned as a set of acts assigned to all humans at that time in all the related acts of the humans while dealing with each others at working places, or at their homes or at their meeting points wherever they needed to have relations with each other. Few laws known as the Ten Commandments to the world as a set of ideas in the mind of introducer to the people of the society on any claim or in any name, declaring these laws are the laws of the lord, and the god. The reasons in believing these laws are not concerned with the point of believing these laws of ideas but it is cause of believing that the following up of these laws would be more or less helpful for that society in general and about the way of living for the individuals in particular. These laws before introduction into the society were of course have no such influence and its power over the people but the people began the felling that these laws could be useful either for worldly or for the heavenly believing it as useful for them. Because the humans and animals are not the same to live on the food, sex, generations and death. But the human mind and the feeling were ever changing and would never be fixed in any frame for the specific purpose of chemical or biological findings from the days of the origin to the present day of the capitalism.
These laws are known as the laws written by Moses himself for those people who were followed him and his ways of life. I do not find any need to go into the depth behind the validity and reasons for introducing such laws to the people in their society, because, we could never judge the past from the present state of development from the basic developments of the societies to present time which what we would decide ourselves that our acts are correct and the past is not correct.
All these such presumptions are useless and baseless, because the history is something like a dead body upon which many post mortems and inventions could be carries out for research purposes. And the same dead body would never answer to all those questions that simply asks and left without giving any results with their observations on the dead body.
Moreover the history is something like a big record room from which we can find many more evidences and proofs to confirm the things of the facts or to prove as the historical things through a set of ideas which related to the findings for the present from the past. And the past is silently handed over its complete visible things partially and it keeps the remained in itself for further researchers about it through their ideas only. Moreover the judgments on the historical happenings with its things always remain incomplete as it had not been proved and founded by thousands of inventions on it and it always unresolved in many ways in every field.
Unnumbered mysteries still attracts all the scientists to carry out the more and more research works on many secrets in all most all fields, in medical, astronomical, chemical, and other hundreds of its branches are expanded from its basic sciences from the early periods of the human origin. Now it’s a matter of social sciences where the religion and social laws were mixed and led the human mankind towards its progress and advancements from its earlier period.
The Moses’ exodus, whether it is believable or unbelievable in the sense of modern age, it is essential for every reader or writer to go into its roots of society with its social laws, in the absence of the scripts in the world. After the progress and development of the civilizations in the world, bible and spade were found many sites there in the surrounding areas of the much popularized promised land of Abraham, proving the biblical historical incidents and its king’s names with their kingdoms of the ancient period of biblical era from which many resembling features are related and stated to be that the area and biblical history had given many more social laws to the world.
And the same laws are almost continuation in the daily lives of the majority people in the world. If the religion and its contributions or its exploitations whatever we like to say about history with its relation to the society is nothing, but whatever we say about it represents the mind and concept of those who are really concerned or not concerned with the developments of the society and religion in thousands of years, and it had been proved that they are still in need to find more and more about all these developments of the religion and society, because what we have been used to say all about the relation between the religion and society is all remained unresolved questions only and now it is again going back to read about all these things with its related factors with a realizations based on the failures in understanding these relations with all its factors to find what is really the ideologies needs to pull the masses on the philosophies of the past.
The ideas of the people about any material facts could not succeed on material things of the past and even present at almost all levels. After industrial revolutions and upon believing its new kind of relations among the people based on the new kind of productive forces, Karl Marx theory, Hegel’s theory and Lenin’s interpretation of Marxism, Leninism, and later period of Marxism, the ideas of materialism are still continuing in the human minds. For example in India, in all most all hospitals they constructed temples either within the premises of hospitals or very nearer for those who attend the temples seek blessings of the gods.
At the same time the doctors also preys the gods before performing the operations on the patients. Even in the doctors’ houses, in their private rooms in hospitals, we would find the photos of such gods who preys their blessings. In government buses or in luxury buses we can find the gods garlanded photos above the cup boards for the drivers who seek the blessing for safety of himself and for the passengers. We sees many deaths of devotees returning from Balaji , temple of Tirupati and from the Ayyappa temple and now India has stood first in road accidents in the world even after having millions of gods in India.
Though the people in the issues of religion never become materialistic in approach either in their personal or in social lives as they live partially on material facts and used to live under the laws knowingly most of it, unknowingly least of the laws. It indicates that the people have every right to adopt whatever the way they like and what they like to reject from their lives, is a subject to know about it into depth for the better understanding of the role of the religious beliefs and material facts. If we go into if in depth, the first in its kind the word ” belief” comes before us for understanding the first step of feelings, other than the word” trust” in the series of the transformation of the understanding phases of the things of the past, in present and about future also.
Every one has belief on certain degree of the things in his life and move in his lives as per his works, in daily lives.
One question would come in my mind about a Jew, who thinks about him is very personal, but I want him to think in my way what I want to think about him. Is it possible? First I ask him to vacate the land of Israel. Secondly he must leave Israel without any relief to them by accommodating somewhere in the world. Is it possible? Thirdly I want all global capitalists of top hundred to handover their assets to the labor, workers and their servants. Is it possible? Fourthly, I want to lay down all weapons of all security forces of the world in the interest of the global peaces and prosperity. Is possible?
The military tensions zone in world is Indian and Azad Kashmir which would be solved peacefully by merging India and Pakistan prior to the status of undivided India. I appeal the two states for the peace and prosperity in the interest of Pakistan, India and for the disputed Kashmir. Is it possible? All the human beings are equal in the world, and all religions are no way concerned with the material world. If I seek all the global people to desist their faiths in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and other remained religions in the world. Will they follow it? Even pope asks the people they would never follow it. After the collapse of the soviet union and the remained socialist block including the Chinese people started believing the capitalist societies would save from their own models they built in their respective states with the help of the global leader united states for the developments of all these states including Russian state after its collapse which had helped in emerging many states within Russia.
Thousands of people died for the socialist Russia and people’s china for the long historical revolutionary way of these two states for the period of one century from the dates of the Karl Marx’s writings, which are primarily as a basic source for the socialist phase of the societies under the control of the state. The stat which was and is based and belong to the non-productive forces and directly depended upon its society and on its sources, without progress of its richness, the states could not do anything.
So that the state as a leader of the societies have stood forefront in leading all the members of the different societies without proper plans for further developments in the long run asked the help and support of the world capitalist states, collapsed as a result of dependence on other states despite depending on its own people. They failed to record the discontentment of the people of all sections in a planned manner, because they have been already isolated from the regular contacts and finding the needs for their supplies in their states. Details about the Social laws and state laws are already available in separate article.
The alienated forces of the state further isolated from sharing their role along with the people in their respective societies of all socialist states led them to bow down in economic and philosophical aspects for the socialist conceptual administration of the state economy. I am not to find the reasons for the failure of the socialist system of governance in the socialist block of Russian and Chinese state, but I really found the fundamental defects in the philosophy of Marxism, Leninism and its Maoism, as well as the new way of Nepalese Prachanda path which was and is continuing version of the socialist revolutions in the world.
So that it is necessary to come back from the back period to the present stage of capitalism as a pre-requisite for the philosophy of socialism, with additions to all issues of the Marxism, Leninist, and of Maoism, about, people, state, society, religion, productive mechanisms, non-productive elements’ dependence and total domination over the productive forces with its relations once again in the new and changing fundaments of the global world. Firstly the social laws were introduced by the Moses’ and all these are not negligible in understanding of the real role of the religion with its philosophy for the present society. All these laws were practiced by the people at the time of its introduction in the society there. Now all these laws are known the world that these laws were introduced by Moses himself.
The past thing of the history now had turned and became as a belief for many Jews in the world. At the same time the New Testament in which what incidents were taken place as incidents are now proving that these were the real happenings and facts in the history of the man king through the archaeological findings in all these days. .the laws of Moses were showed how society was in its nature what it needed to transform from the role of out side of the productive forces is to be understood. One of the Ten Commandments is still practical in the world including all the socialists and communist in the world which is as follows
”Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. 9 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your manservant or maidservant, nor your animals, nor the alien within your gates. 11 For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.”
Though this law may be in the zeal and love of presenting himself as the lord to the people, but it has been in practice to take a rest after the work of six days and it is also understood that the calculation of the “time and days were already were in existence at the time of these laws were introduced to the society. Moreover the following laws of the Moses are known that these were helpful by honoring father and mother, restricting the people from murder, adultery, and stealing, wrong testimony against neighbor and avoiding coveting the neighbor’s wife. The direct social laws like these are not found in rig Veda. The Indian civilization in which such basic laws for the family are not found basically as a family as a unit in south Asian region till now.
Exodus 20
The Ten Commandments
1 And God spoke all these words:
2 “I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery.
3 “You shall have no other gods before [a] me.
4 “You shall not make for yourself an idol in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. 5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, 6 but showing love to a thousand {generations} of those who love me and keep my commandments.
7 “You shall not misuse the name of the LORD your God, for the LORD will not hold anyone guiltless who misuses his name.
8 “Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy. 9 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your manservant or maidservant, nor your animals, nor the alien within your gates. 11 For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.
12 “Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the LORD your God is giving you.
13 “You shall not murder.
14 “You shall not commit adultery.
15 “You shall not steal.
16 “You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.
17 “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his manservant or maidservant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.”
The king David and his role are not new for anybody in building his kingdom, temple and the temple town in the kingdoms of the Judaism. The lists of kings and their acts in molding the society is to be seen with the following developments, it is to take from the period of King David (1050-920 BC) to Ahab(born c. 853 – BCE Reigned c. 874–c. 853 BCE)
Saul, David and Solomon ruled the undivided Israel. Some important incidents were taken place while the transferring the power from one king to another in the most desirable way by the people who were in greater need for the king as they were sought their king to be acted for them by neighboring kingdoms. Bible code of the present day in relation to the predictions of the past and about future would be discussed in some other time in separate article
The people of Hebrew began to feel the need of king how would protect them and rule them like other monarchs of the Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Canaanites, Philistines, Moabites, and Ammonites. And went to ask the Samuel1 and 2nd, who sought Saul to act as king in obedient way, but he could not able to rule them under the instructions and wishes of the Yahweh’s. For the period of two years only his rule was existed. Yahweh selected David. It was stated that the differences were the main reason over the kings who had been in obedience of the orders of the Yahweh only.
The Hebrew people were in such a need, in which Yahweh’s role was imminent in selecting the kings at that time. On the selection of the soul. It was proved that he had reluctant in obeying the orders of the Yahweh. Moreover he was not wealthiest king to rule the Hebrew in Israel. The king Saul after words, killed in the hands of Palestine, who carried out attack on him. On the issue of his death, there are contradicting version that one group argues that he had been committed suicide and another group says that Saul was not died at the spot where the attack was carried out, but at the hands of his soldier who was helping him to save the life.
The history of the first king how was ended is still in mystery in absence of any proofs about him and about his assassins at that time. Moreover the wealthiest man among the Hebrews to rule as a king under the command of Yahweh was an essential condition to become their king. It established that the wealth and abeyance of the orders of the Yahweh were the preconditions for selection of any king for the Hebrew tribes at that time.
The military ruler, the king David is known in the history of the Hebrews proved the essentialities of their state to fulfill the needs of the people at that time, in his reign of forty years. His merits are not new to the world to remind but it is needed to discuss about the relationship of the people with the kingship, maintenance of temple relations with the king and the expeditions against the other states will give us some important conclusions about the nature of the society and their needs at the time of the king David.
As a mighty ruler of the kingdom of Israel, he defeated Palestine and he expanded his kingdom into the empire. He made Jerusalem as capital for his empire by uniting some tribes into one empire, with his force. He killed twenty two thousand Syrians and captured the places of Palestinians. He got the name of uniting the small enemies of Hebrew people into his empire. He took up many works for construction works at Jerusalem, and he built a centre of worship in his empire. In the matter of the court affairs, the local elders were acted as judges in the cases and they had been restricted to deal the cases in proper way by putting the law for them to throw away in case of bribes in their duties. The king was the applet authority upon the judgments of the cases by these judges in Israel. The king was the war leader with mighty forces, in the Israel with the war lords, to look after all the affairs of the kingship, besides all the duties. The duty of the king was to appoint the lords to the priests for the implementation of the Moses’ laws in the temples what the king David constructed during his life time.
The king and his duties once were in accordance with the Yahweh was changed from the earlier king to the present king, David in a span of a short period in the history of Israel. Now the king David had been proved the real king and enjoyed the maximum support of his people in his empire. There was the provision to appoint the gatekeeper who looks not to enter unclean into the temple .however the king David had developed Israel as an empire with some little deviations of the wishes of the Yahweh, but he led the transition of the tribal society into a perfect monarchy in the system of governance.
It is no need to remind that the ‘state’ of Israel under command of the king David did not face any defeat in his reign of forty years. setting aside his eldest son, and the stories about the Bathsheba’s promise, the king David had made his son king in the presence of the priest , his son Solomon whose rule could be in 967 b. c. e was not much successful in dealing the foreign affairs of this empire. On the growing of the state Israel, the neighboring states were eager to come over into its affairs on his weakness in the governance. His name is still known with the name of Solomon temple in Jerusalem. The Solomon temple was built in 1000b c e. in Jerusalem.
The developments and expansion of the king’s subjects were already taken place during the period of the king David and he took out further with the same spirit and zeal in the interest of the Judaism in Jerusalem. The neighboring kingdoms were equally ambitious to attack his kingdom and plunder the wealth from his empir
have spent a lot at the cost of my dad while my olden days, and got some degrees in education without knowing its value and validity at that time and continued the same habit at my own cost since then that time to present now.And?i saw and realized?that my?life is spent out in the search to know?the society,state,and about the people from the ancient civilizations to the present?clock-like capitalism as well as about myself too. At last i satisfied myself?that i know what i wanted to know that what i am now, is a subject to u all to know.Do u want to judge the whole thing in seconds?But i?estimate u?in single part of the second?before your judgement about?me ayub mohammed
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These are a list of some costumes that I have seen people wear at a few parties. Some of these might be a little over the top but if you want to have some fun and be carefree for one night out of the year and you’re still deciding on what to wear to the upcoming Halloween party, then take a moment to read through this list. You may even want to mix and match a few.
1. Playboy Bunny – You’ve probably seen these costumes before. I have seen some women wear the bunny nose which in my opinion should be left out. The outfit itself is sexy and the nose just kind of kills it. It reminds me of a scene in the movie I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry where Adam Sandler sees who he has mistaken as Jessica Biel in a bunny outfit but when she turns around, it’s David Spade! Blah! No offense to David Spade!
2. French Maid – Now this is hot! I’ve seen a couple of women wear this and this is definitely an eye catcher. There seems to be different version of this costume but my favorite seems to be the one that isn’t fluffy at the skirt. I’m not sure what the correct terminology is but there are the maid outfits that are short and flare out. The shortness is fine but the flaring seems a bit too much.
3. Jane - Tarzan’s fair maiden. If you are attending an indoor Halloween party, then you shouldn’t have any problems with this outfit. I’ve seen a lot of different versions of this costume and all of them looked amazing! I knew a friend who put on a bikini and tucked in some brown felt material around her top and bottom and looked just like she came out of the jungle!
4. Nurse – If you’ve seen one, you’ve seen them all but I think the best nurse outfits are the ones that resemble the old nurse’s uniforms with the hat and dress in high heels. The leather outfits are sexy but a little played out for my taste.
5. Indian (Native) – Theses are the Pocahontas type costumes with a single feather protruding from the head band. Short p/leather material skirts and tops, an Indian necklace, moccasins, arm band, and bracelets and you’re good to go!
6. Indian (Bollywood) – This style has been seen more frequently and quite frankly, I think that they’re sexy as well as elegant and beautiful. They have the little dot on their foreheads (bindi), a midriff top, silky loose pants, high heels, with a long scarf which I believe to be called a Sari wrapped loosely around their shoulders. I’ve seen these outfits mixed with a little Western style and it looks beautiful.
7. Flight Attendant – I’ve only seen one of these costumes at a party and it looked HOT! The little hat, coat, with a button up shirt that is not necessarily buttoned up, short skirt, and high heels…need I say more?
8. Mafiosa – I’ve seen this pulled off a couple of different ways. The outfits are supposed to portray the way the gangsters looked during the 1920’s. One woman had a full striped suit with slacks, high heels, and a very sexy shirt underneath her coat, a fake Tommy gun, and the distinctive hats they wore back in those days. The other outfit was similar only with a loose skirt, high boots, a long coat, the hat, and a fake Tommy gun. Both were very hot.
9. Police – I generally wouldn’t add this to my list except for the fact that I saw this one women in Vegas during a costume party and she had on a realistic looking police uniform, badge, fake gun (at least I think it was), holster, belt, cuffs, and here hair was slicked back and tied up in a bun. Her shirt was a bit revealing and I think the fact that the costume appeared so realistic as opposed to those played out pleather police skirts you see so often, made it so attractive.
10. Polynesian Girl – What many refer to as a Hula Dancer. This can be pulled off a couple of different ways. First method includes a grass skirt or sarong, coconut top or bikini top, a flower lei, and haku lei (the one that goes on the head). The second method involves wearing a Hawaiian dress of sorts, and haku lei. The second is bit more conservative depending on the dress but still sexy.
If you are looking for more information on costume ideas or some fun ideas for Halloween, go to http://www.helpfulhalloweentips.com
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Grown Ups played by popular artists included ChrisRock, Kevin James, David Spade, Rob Schneider, Salma Hayek, Steve Buscemi, Maria Bello, Gary Buseyand David Spade. This movie takes many setting in Chebacco Lake, Essex, Massachusetts, it is a lake with beautiful scenery, Watch Grown Ups Full movie to see how the lake is. Why takes many setting in lake? Because this movie is about five good friends met in the death of them coach in high school, that make them want to reunite again after 30 years graduated from high school, with their own family. It must be the most unforgettable reunite for them. Want to know how their friendship grows? Watch Grown Ups Full movie in this site.
This film will take you to feel how it feels to have a good friend who grew up in togetherness. Very nice to have friends to share and we can reunite after several years, for that you can see the rest of the story of this movie Watch Grown Ups Full movie by following the link provided on this site. With watch it on this site, you are entitled to a benefit a few, some of them are:
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http://download-full-version-movies.com
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